| Attachment chemistry and linkers |
Link an oligo with another molecule or particular surface. |
Amino modifiers, Biotin, Thiol, Alkynes |
DNA arrays, solid-phase PCR, NGS |
| Fluorophores and dark quenchers |
Fluorescent dyes re-emit light upon excitation while dark quenchers absorb the emitted light and release heat. |
Fluorescein Dyes, Cy Dyes, Rhodamine Dyes, ATTO Dyes, Alexa Dyes, LI-COR Dyes, Iowa Black Quenchers |
qPCR, dPCR, for gene expression or genotyping |
| Freedom dyes |
Have no patent licensing restrictions. |
FAM, SUN, Cy 5 |
qPCR, dPCR, for gene expression or genotyping |
| Modified bases |
A variety of modifications that can serve a range of functions, including cross-linking, duplex stabilization, and nuclease resistance. |
Affinity Plus: +A, +G, +C, +T, O-Methyl: mA, mG, mC, mU, RNA: rA, rG, rC, rU |
qPCR, dPCR, antisense Pending the modification can be used to adjust Tm, increase resistance to nuclease degradation, reduce toxicity/limit unwanted immune responses |
| Phosphorylation |
Use if your oligo is being used as a substrate for DNA ligase. 3' phosphorylation will inhibit degradation by some 3' exonucleases and block extension by DNA polymerase. |
5' or 3' Phosphorylation |
qPCR, dPCR for genotyping, Synthetic biology applications, NGS |
| Spacers |
Create distance between a functional moiety and the hybridizing region of your oligo. |
C3 Spacer, Spacer 18, Hexanediol |
qPCR, dPCR for genotyping, Synthetic biology applications, molecular applications where bulky mods are attached to oligos (like Cholesterol) |
| Phosphorothioate bonds |
Include these bonds in your oligo sequence for increased inter-nucleotide resistance to nuclease degradation. Especially useful in antisense oligos. |
*A, *G, *C, *T |
Antisense, FISH probes, and other cellular mapping |
